Temporal constraints on androgen directed laryngeal masculinization in Xenopus laevis

The Roles of Sex, Xenopus laevis Innervation, and Androgen in Laryngeal Muscle of

The relative contributions of innervation and androgen to three muscle fiber properties-twitch type, size, and number-were examined in the sexually dimorphic, androgensensitive laryngeal muscle of Xenopus laevis. In adults, the muscle contains all fast-twitch fibers in males and fastand slow-twitch fibers in females; laryngeal muscle fibers are larger and more numerous in males than in females....

Vocal circuitry in Xenopus laevis: telencephalon to laryngeal motor neurons.

Sexually differentiated calling patterns of Xenopus laevis are conveyed to the vocal organ by a dedicated neuromuscular system. Here, we define afferents to vocal motor neurons and determine whether the connectivity of the vocal pathway is sexually differentiated. The use of fluorescent dextran amines and the isolated brain preparation readily permitted identification of anterograde and retrogr...

Androgen Regulation of Muscle Larynx of Xenopus laevis Type

We used histochemical techniques [assays for adenine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDHase) activity] to identify muscle fiber types in the larynx of Xenopus laewis. Male muscle is made up of one fiber type, medium-sized fibers (-9 e(m2) that stain lightly for acid-stable ATPase and intensely for SDHase activity. In contrast, the female has 3 fiber types: small fibers (-6 ...

Brain masculinization requires androgen receptor function.

Testicular testosterone produced during a critical perinatal period is thought to masculinize and defeminize the male brain from the inherent feminization program and induce male-typical behaviors in the adult. These actions of testosterone appear to be exerted not through its androgenic activity, but rather through its conversion by brain aromatase into estrogen, with the consequent activation...

ترتیب اعصای جانبی در دم لارو of Xenopus laevis